List of Demonyms for World Cities

A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. In English, a demonym is often the same as the name of the people's native language: e.g., the "French" (people from France).

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The word comes from the Greek word for 'populace' plus the suffix -onym and was popularized in 1997 by Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. The term is not widely employed or known outside geographical circles and does not appear in mainstream dictionaries. It is used by some geographers, both online and within their studies and teaching. 

Some places, particularly smaller cities and towns, may not have an established word for their residents; toponymists have a particular challenge in researching these.

Note: Many of these adjectivals and demonyms are not used in English as frequently as their counterparts in other languages. A common practice is to use a city's name as if it were an adjective, as in "Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra", "Melbourne suburbs", etc 

While many demonyms are derived from placenames, many countries are named for their inhabitants: Germany for the Germans, Thailand for the Thais, Denmark for the Danes. France is named for the Franks, a German tribe who conquered the former Roman province of Gaul.  

Literature and science have created a wealth of demonyms that are not directly associated with a cultural group, such as Martian for hypothetical people of Mars (credited to scientist Percival Lowell), Jovian for those of Jupiter or its moons, Earthling (from the diminutive -ling, ultimately from Old English -ing meaning 'descendant') as a possible name for the people of Earth (as also "Terran" and "Terrene" and "terrestrial"), and Lilliputians from the island of Lilliput in the satire Gulliver's Travels. Some of these, like Venusians for a putative resident of Venus, are technically incorrect; to conform with the Latin etymon, they should be Venerians. 

Some peoples, especially cultures that were overwhelmed by European colonists, have no commonly accepted demonym, or have a demonym that is the same as the name of their (current or historical) nation. Examples include Iroquois, Aztec, Māori, and Czech. Such peoples' native languages often have differentiated forms that simply did not survive the transfer to English. In Czech, for example, the language is Če?tina, the nation is Česko or Česk? republika, and the people are Če?i. The Dominican Republic has only a demonym-based description for a name.

Both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China officially adhere to the One-China policy, use "Chinese" to describe their nationals, and refuse to have diplomatic relations with states that recognize the other. Chinese identity is itself challenged within the ROC by Taiwanese nationalists.

Both North Korea and South Korea officially refer to their nationals simply as Koreans since they recognize a single nationhood even if they don't recognize each other. They have diplomatic relations with states that recognize their rival.

The demonym for citizens of the United States of America suffers a similar problem albeit non-politically, because "American" may ambiguously refer to both the nation, the USA, and the conjoined continent pair, North and South America. United Statian is awkward in English, but it exists in Spanish (estadounidense), French (?tatsunien(ne)), Portuguese (estado-unidense or estadunidense), Italian (statunitense), and also in Interlingua (statounitese). US American (for the noun) and US-American (when used as a compound modifier preceding a noun) is another option, and is a common demonym in German (US-Amerikaner), though almost unheard of in English. Latin Americans (who are the most affected by this use of American) also have yanqui (Yankee) and the euphemism norteamericano/norte-americano (North American, which includes the USA, Mexico, Canada, and several other countries). Frank Lloyd Wright proposed Usonian (which was taken over into Esperanto: country Usono, demonym Usonano, adjective usona). In the spirit of Sydneysider, Statesider is also a possibility. See main article: Use of the word American.

The 2007 Miss Teen USA contestant Caitlin Upton, who gained international notoriety for her otherwise nonsensical response to a question posed during the pageant, referred to the people of the United States as "U.S. Americans."

Sharing a demonym does not necessarily bring conflict. During the 1996 Olympics, the residents of Atlanta, Georgia gave a rousing applause to the Republic of Georgia during the opening ceremony. Many cities that share the same name have sister city relations. The demonyms for the Caribbean nations Dominican Republic and Dominica, though pronounced differently, are spelled the same way, Dominican. The former country's demonym is the ordinary English adjective "Dominican", stressed on the second syllable. The demonym for Dominica, like the name of the country, is stressed on the third syllable: IPA: [ˌdɒmɪˈniːkən]. Another example is the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Their nationals are both known as Congolese.  

City	Country or state/province	Adjective	Demonym (colloquial)
Aberdeen	Scotland	Aberdonian	Aberdonians
Adelaide	Australia	Adelaidian	Adelaidians
Albany	New York	Albanian	Albanians
Amalfi	Italy	Amalfitan	Amalfitans
Aosta	Italy	Aostan, Aostain	Aostans, Aostains
Armagh	Northern Ireland	Armachian	Armachians
Auckland	New Zealand	Auckland	Aucklanders
Athens	Greece	Athenian	Athenians
Atlanta	Georgia	Atlantan	Atlantans
Baltimore	Maryland	Baltimorean	Baltimoreans
Bangkok	Thailand	Bangkokian	Bangkokians
Baton Rouge	Louisiana	Baton Rougean	Baton Rougeans
Belo Horizonte	Brazil	Belo-Horizontino	Belo-Horizontinos
Belgrade	Serbia	Belgradian	Belgraders
Benevento	Italy	Beneventan	Beneventans
Bergamo	Italy	Bergamasque	Bergamasques
Berlin	Germany	Berliner	Berliners
Berne	Switzerland	Bernese	Bernese
Birmingham	England	Birminghamian ("Brummie")	Birminghamians ("Brummies")
Birmingham	Alabama	Birminghamian	Birminghamians ("Birminghamsters")
Bologna	Italy	Bolognese	Bolognese
Boston	Massachusetts	Bostonian	Bostonians
Brasilia	Brazil	Brasiliense	Brasilienses
Bratislava	Slovakia	Bratislavan	Bratislavan
Brescia	Italy	Brescian	Brescians
Brighton	Wisconsin	Brightonian	Brightonians
Brisbane	Queensland	Brisbane	Brisbanites, Brisbanians
Bristol	England	Bristolian	Bristolians
Budapest	Hungary	Budapesti	Budapesters
Buenos Aires	Argentina	Porte?o	Porte?os
Buffalo	New York	Buffalonian	Buffalonians
Cairo	Egypt	(Cairene)	Cairenes
Calgary	Alberta	Calgarian	Calgarians
Cambridge	England	Cantabrigian	Cantabrigians
Cambridge	Massachusetts
Campinas	Brazil	Campineiro	Campineiros
Canberra	Australia	Canberran	Canberrans
Cape Town	South Africa	(Capetonian)	Capetonians
Caracas	Venezuela	Caraquenian	Caraquenians
Carystus	Greece	Carystian	Carystians
Charlotte	North Carolina	Charlottean	Charlotteans
Chicago	Illinois	Chicagoan	Chicagoans
Copenhagen	Denmark	Copenhagener	Copenhageners
Corinth	Greece	Corinthian	Corinthians
Cork	Republic of Ireland	Cork	Corkonians ("Leesiders")
Curitiba	Brazil	Curitibano	Curitibanos
Dallas	Texas		Dallasites
Denver	Colorado	Denverite	Denverites
Detroit	Michigan		Detroiters
Dublin	Republic of Ireland	Dublin	Dubliners ("Dubs")
Dundee	Scotland	Dundonian	Dundonians
Dunedin	New Zealand	Dunedin	Dunedinites
East Troy	Wisconsin	East Trojan	East Trojans
Edmonton	Alberta	Edmontonian	Edmontonians
Epidaurus	Greece	Epidaurian	Epidaurians
Florence	Italy	Florentine	Florentines
Fort Lauderdale	Florida		Fort Lauderdalers, Fort Lauderdalians
Foz do Igua?u	Brazil	Igua?uense	Igua?uenses
Fresno	California		Fresnans, Fresnoans
Galway	Republic of Ireland	Galway	Galwegians
Geneva	Switzerland	Genevan, Genevese	Genevans, Genevese
Genoa	Italy	Genoese	Genoese
Glasgow	Scotland	Glaswegian	Glaswegians
Guadalajara	M?xico	Tapat?o	Tapat?os
Halifax	Nova Scotia	Haligonian	Haligonians
Hamilton	Ontario	Hamiltonian	Hamiltonians
Hamilton	New Zealand
Hanoi	Vietnam	Hanoian	Hanoians
Hanover	Germany	Hanoverian	Hanoverians
Ho Chi Minh City	Vietnam	Saigonese	Saigonese
Hong Kong	China	Hong Kong, Hongkongese	Hongkongers, Hongkongese
Honolulu	Hawaii	Honolulan	Honolulans
Houston	Texas	Houstonian	Houstonians
Invercargill	New Zealand	Invercargill	Invercargillites, Invercargillonians
Inverness	Scotland	Invernessian	Invernessians
Iqaluit	Nunavut		Iqalummiut (sing. Iqalummiuq)
Istanbul	Turkey	Istanbulian	Istanbullus
Itabira	Brazil	Itabirano	Itabiranos
Jerusalem	Israel	Jerusalemite, Yerushalmi (Hebrew)	Jerusalemites, Yerushalmim
Juiz de Fora	Brazil	Juiz-forano	Juiz-foranos
Juneau City/Borough	Alaska		Juneauites
Kastoria	Greece	Kastorian	Kastorians
Kenosha	Wisconsin	Kenoshan	Kenoshans
Kingston	New Jersey	Kingstonian	Kingstonians
Kuala Lumpur	Malaysia		("KL-ites")
Las Vegas	Nevada	Las Vegan	Vegan
Leeds	England	Leodensian	Leodensians
Leghorn	Italy	Leghornese, Livornese	Leghornese, Livornese
Le?n	Spain	Leonese	Leoneses
Liverpool	England	Liverpudlian	Liverpudlians ("Scousers")
London	England	Londoner	Londoners
Londrina	Brazil	Londrinense	Londrinenses
Los Angeles	California	Angeleno	Angelenos
Lucca	Italy	Lucchesa (F) /Lucchese (M)	Lucchesi
Lyon (Lyons)	France	Lyonese	Lyonese
Macau	China	Macanese	Macanese
Madrid	Spain	Madrilenian	Madrilenians
M?laga	Spain	Malagan	Malagans
Manchester	England	Mancunian	Mancunians ("Mancs")
Manila	Philippines	Manile?o	Manile?os
Mantua	Italy	Mantuan	Mantuans
Marathon	Greece	Marathonian	Marathonians
Marseille	France	Marseillais	Marseillais
Megara	Greece	Megarian	Megarians
Melbourne	Victoria	Melburnian	Melburnians
Memphis	Tennessee	Memphian	Memphians
Messina	Italy	Messinese	Messinese
Mexico City	Mexico	Capitalino	Capitalinos ("Chilangos"/"Defe?os")
Milan	Italy	Milanese	Milanese
Milan	New York		Milanites, Milaners
Modena	Italy	Modenese	Modenese
Montreal	Quebec	Montreal	Montrealers
Moscow	Russia	Muscovite	Muscovites
Munich	Germany	M?nchner	M?nchner
Naples	Italy	Neapolitan	Neapolitans
Nashville	Tennessee	Nashvillian	Nashvillians
Nassau	The Bahamas	Nassuvian	Nassuvians
Nelson	New Zealand	Nelson	Nelsonians
New Orleans	Louisiana	New Orleanian	New Orleanians, New Orleaners ("Yats")
New York City	New York	New Yorker	New Yorkers ("Gothamites"/"Knickerbockers")
? The Bronx		(Bronxite)	Bronxites, Bronxers
? Brooklyn		(Brooklynite)	Brooklynites, Brooklyners
? Manhattan		Manhattanite	Manhattanites
? Queens			Queensites
? Staten Island			Staten Islanders
Newcastle	New South Wales	Novocastrian	Novocastrians
Newcastle	England	Novocastrian ("Geordie")	Novocastrians ("Geordies")
Newport	Wales	Newportonian	Newportonians
Nice	France	Ni?ois	Ni?ois
Nicosia	Cyprus	Nicosian	Nicosians
Northampton	England	Northamptonian	Northamptonians
Oakland	California	Oaklander	Oaklanders
Oamaru	New Zealand	Oamaru, Oamaruvian	Oamaruvians
Odessa	Ukraine	Odessit(e)	Odessites
Oslo	Norway	Oslovian	Oslovians
Osaka	Japan	Osakan	Naniwakko (Japanese), Osakans (English)
Ottawa	Ontario	Ottawan	Ottawans
Oxford	England	Oxonian	Oxonians
Paddock Lake	Wisconsin	Paddock Laker	Paddock Lakers
Padua	Italy	Paduan	Paduans
Palermo	Italy	Palermitan	Palermitans
Palmerston North	New Zealand	Palmerstonian	Palmerstonians
Paris	France	Parisian	Parisians
Parma	Italy	Parmesan	Parmesans
Perth	Western Australia	Perth	Perthite
Perugia	Italy	Perugian	Perugians
Philadelphia	Pennsylvania	(Philadelphian)	Philadelphians
Phoenix	Arizona	Phoenician, Phoenixer	Phoenicians, Phoenixers
Pisa	Italy	Pisan	Pisans
Pittsburgh	Pennsylvania	Pittsburgher	Pittsburghers
Polmont	Scotland	Polmonter	Polmonters
Pompeii	Italy	Pompei(i)an	Pompei(i)ans
Ponferrada	Spain	Ponferradian	Ponferradians
Porto Alegre	Brazil	Porto-Alegrense	Porto-Alegrenses
Portland	Oregon	Portlander	Portlanders
Portsmouth	England	Portsmouthian	Portsmouthians
Prague	Czech Republic	Praguer	Praguers
Pri?tina	Kosovo		Prishtinali, Prishtinas (Albanian) Pri?tinci, Pri?tevci (Serbian)
Providence	Rhode Island	Providentian	Providentians
Pylos	Greece	Pylian	Pylians
Quebec City	Quebec	Quebec (City)  size="3">( English); qu?b?cois (French)	Quebeckers, Quebecers (English); Qu?b?cois (French)
Randall	Wisconsin	Randallite	Randallites
Regina	Saskatchewan	Regina (modifier), Reginan	Reginans
Rethymno	Greece	Rethymnian	Rethymnians
Rio de Janeiro	Brazil	Carioca	Cariocas
Rhodes	Greece	Rhodian	Rhodians
Rochester	New York	(Rochesterian)	Rochesterians
Rome	Italy	Roman	Romans
St. Louis	Missouri	St. Louisan	St. Louisans
Salerno	Italy	Salernitan	Salernitans
Salt Lake City	Utah		Salt Lakers
San Antonio	Texas	San Antonian	San Antonians
San Diego	California	San Diegan	San Diegans
San Francisco	California	San Franciscan	San Franciscans
S?o Carlos	Brazil	S?ocarlense and Carlopolitano	S?ocarlenses and Carlopolitanos
S?o Paulo	Brazil	Paulistano	Paulistanos
Saskatoon	Saskatchewan	Saskatoon (modifier), Saskatonian	Saskatonians ("Saskabushers")
Seattle	Washington	Seattleite	Seattleites
Seoul	South Korea	Seoulite	Seoulites
Serres	Greece	Serrean	Serreans
Siena	Italy	Sien(n)ese	Sien(n)ese
Silver Lake	Wisconsin	Silver Laker	Silver Laker
Sheffield	England		Sheffielders
Slough	England	Sluff	Sluffs
Somers	Wisconsin	Somersite	Somersites
Sorrento	Italy	Sorrentine	Sorrentines
Sparta	Greece	Spartan	Spartans
Spoleto	Italy	Spoletian	Spoletians
Stockholm	Sweden	Stockholmer	Stockholmers
Sunderland	England		"Mackems"
Sydney	New South Wales	Sydney	Sydneysiders
Syracuse	Italy	Syracusan	Syracusans
Taranto	Italy	Tarantine, Tarentine	Tarantines, Tarentines
Thebes	Greece	Theban	Thebans
Thessaloniki	Greece	Thessalonian	Thessalonians
Tokyo	Japan		Edokko (Japanese), Tokyoites (English)
Toronto	Ontario	Toronto, Torontonian	Torontonians
Tournai	Belgium	Tournaisian	Tournaisian
Trevor	Wisconsin	Trevorite	Trevorites
Trent	Italy	Tridentine	Tridentines
Trieste	Italy	Triestine	Triestines
Tripoli	Greece / Libya	Tripolitan	Tripolitans
Trois-Rivi?res	Quebec	Trifluvien, Trifluvienne (French); Trifluvian (English)	Trifluviens/Trifluviennes (French); Trifluvians (English)
Tucson	Arizona	Tucsonan	Tucsonans
Tulsa	Oklahoma	Tulsan	Tulsans
Turin	Italy	Turinese	Turinese
Twin Lakes	Wisconsin	Twin Laker	Twin Lakers
Uberl?ndia	Brazil	Uberlandense	Uberlandenses
Valencia	Spain	Valencian	Valencians
Vancouver	British Columbia		Vancouverites
Venice	Italy	Venetian	Venetians
Veracruz	Mexico	Veracruzano	Veracruzano (Jarocho)
Verona	Italy	Veronese	Veronese
Vicenza	Italy	Vicentine	Vicentines
Vichy	France	Vichyssois	Vichyssois
Vienna	Austria	Viennese	Viennese
Warsaw	Poland	Varsovian	Varsovians
Washington, D.C.	United States	Washingtonian	Washingtonians
Wellington	New Zealand	Wellington	Wellingtonians
Wheatland	Wisconsin	Wheatlander	Wheatlanders
Wichita	Kansas	Wichitan	Wichitans
Wilmot	Wisconsin	Wilmotter	Wilmotters
Winnipeg	Manitoba		Winnipeggers, Winnipegers
Wolverhampton	England		Wulfrunians
Xalapa	Mexico	Xalape?o	Xalape?os
Xanthi	Greece	Xanthian	Xanthians